EV Charging Index 2025: Expert insights from the GCC region. Just 12 months ago, the region's EV landscape was described as "nascent but becoming increasingly dynamic," with the UAE leading adoption, followed by Saudi Arabia and Qatar, while policy incentives and infrastructure were still evolving. Today the picture is markedly different.

This paper outlines a three-pillar framework for modernising International Investment Agreements, balancing risk mitigation, opportunity expansion, and policy coherence to safeguard national interests and drive sustainable economic growth in a rapidly changing geoeconomic landscape.